A Brief Note On Police Brutality And America - 1098 Words

Andrea Studebaker November 18, 2015 ENG 1113 CRN 12896 E4FD Police Brutality in America On April 12th, 2015, a young man named Freddie Gray, was arrested for allegedly having an illegal switchblade on his person. That same day, Gray entered a police van for transport, seemingly fine. Only to leave that same police van half an hour later, in a coma, with severe injuries to his spinal cord. Thirty minutes is all it took, for a seemingly healthy man, to end up in the back of an ambulance. He died one week later. All but one officer, the driver, were charged with crimes ranging from illegal arrest to manslaughter. The driver was charged with second degree depraved heart murder, the equivalent of second degree murder. The illegal†¦show more content†¦The people of Baltimore lost their complacency though, and along with it their ability to rationalize, with yet another case of police brutality. While their decisions to begin setting fires, looting, and throwing bricks was not a positive one, these people were determined to be hear d once and for all. Statistics from the National Police Misconduct Statistics and Reporting Project (NPMSRP), from the months of April 2009 to June 2010 showed that during this time there were 5,986 reports of misconduct. There were also 382 fatalities linked to misconduct, along with settlements and judgements linked to misconduct totaling $347,455,000. 33% of the misconduct cases went through to convictions and 64% of them received prison sentences. Yet these numbers were not enough of a shock to our city and state leaders to take action before situations, such as the riots in Baltimore or Ferguson, occurred. The warnings were there, the numbers and statistics, yet the matter was not handled in a reasonable amount of time. Leaving the public to wonder, if they were all in jeopardy. Would a simple routine check point end in violence? Fearful that any word out of their mouths, or simply the color of their skin, could bring forth such behavior. Current studies have shown that  "less educated police officers tend to be the most aggressive and

The Long Term Effects Of European Imperialism After The...

The Long-Term Effects of European Imperialism after the Berlin Conference In 1885 at Berlin, the major european powers meet together, each seeking to increase their influence on the world by taking control of the African continent. Europe had a grip on Africa until a series of African independence movements in the 1960s. Between that time the native people of each African colony were treated differently and used for different purposes. Compare and Contrast how each European country used and treated the people of their respective colonies. International Baccalaureate Extended Essay in History Word Count: Winter Park High School Winter Park, Florida Word Count: 2025 Abstract Between the years 1884 and 1885, the nations of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal and the Netherlands had a series of meetings together in Berlin in order to safeguard their commercial interests in Africa. These meetings are referred to as the Berlin Conference. The 4 major players in the conference were Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Belgium. Germany lost handed their colony of German East Africa to Great Britain after losing World War I. African people were now under control of whoever colonized them. Each colony was used for different purposes, and each Colonizer treated their people with a varied degree of harshness. Compare and Contrast how each European country used and treated the people of their respective colonies. To research this to topic, the valued resourcesShow MoreRelatedImperialism And Its Impact On The Domestic Institutions Of Africa Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism, when one country dominates another for its own benefit, is an expans ion policy that has reigned for centuries. Over time, imperialism has drastically changed in its magnitude and severity. 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Analysis of Corporate Sustainability Policies

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Corporate Sustainability Policies. Answer: Introduction As the third largest craft brewer in the United States of America, New Belgium Brewing Company (NBB) has made a name for itself as the epitome of social and environmental responsibility in the corporate world (B Corporations, n.d.). Established in 1991 as a result of an inspiring bicycle trip in Belgium, NBB has made sustainability an integral part of its mission and vision over the years (Ferrell, et al., 2015). As part of its core values, the company has committed to environmental stewardship by; reducing its use of natural resources, increasing energy efficiency and also recycling (B Corporations, n.d.). In 2015 it was added to B Corporation's list of Best for the Environment as an appreciation of its overall positive environmental impact(Craft Beer, 2015). The company also strives to uplift the community through philanthropic activities, sponsoring events as well as corporate giving (Ferrell, et al., 2015). Some of these activities include; donating sales, encouraging employees to volunteer and partnering other like-minded organisations (Ferrell, et al., 2015). NBB also supports various non-profit organisations through sponsorship events like the Tour de Fat which encourages individuals to promote sustainable transportation by exchanging cars for bicycles (Ferrell, et al., 2015). It is driven by the hope to set the stage for other companies to consider people and the environment and not just profits when strategizing (B Corporations, n.d.). The following report aims to identify NBBs sustainability policies with regard to the environment and society as a whole. In doing this, it seeks to determine whether NBBs policies qualify it as a socially responsible corporation and whether it has gained any a competitive advantage in the industry from them. In order to complete the analysis, the study will discuss three primary areas. Firstly, the report will identify the emerging issues under environmental sustainability and outline the strategies employed to combat them. Secondly, the study will also analyse the concept of social responsibility and its effect on a corporations competitive advantage. Lastly, the study is tasked with analysing the ethical dilemma that is social responsibility in the Alcohol Industry. Environmental Sustainability In simple terms, sustainability can be defined as the commitment to maintain systems in correspondence with environmental, social and economic considerations for as long as possible (Crane Matten, 2016). This includes assessing and improving corporate strategies, economic sectors, workplace customs, lifestyles and technology without depleting the natural environment (Ferrell, et al., 2012). Morelli (2011) defines sustainability as meeting the required resources of current and future generations without compromising the health of the environment that provides them. It is the expected balance and interrelation of the human society with its environment in order to sate its needs but with care not to surpass the capacity of the environment to reproduce the services (Morelli, 2011). Emerging Issues under Environmental Sustainability With the turn of the 20th Century, various issues emerged as environmental threats as a result of man straining the long-term sustainability of natural resources(Ferrell, et al., 2012). These issues include the protection of water, air, land and renewable natural energy(Ferrell, et al., 2012). With regard to air, as a result of industrialisation air pollution has become a detrimental issue to the environment(Ferrell, et al., 2016). It occurs as a result of stationary, mobile and natural sources which include factories, cars and volcanic eruptions respectively(Ferrell, et al., 2016). The emission of carbon dioxide and some other greenhouse gases is causing depletion to the ozone layer (Ferrell, et al., 2012). Water pollution as a result of dumping untreated waste materials into the natural resources is another challenge facing environmental conservation today (Ferrell, et al., 2012). Additionally, overuse of water in production and manufacturing is also contributing to the depletion o f this natural resource. The third emerging issue that is relevant to this report is energy conservation. The main sources of energy are electricity and fossil fuel both of which, when utilised, contribute to pollution through high levels of emission (Ferrell, et al., 2012). Various strategies have been outlined in an effort to address and control these emerging issues. On the threat to air, concerned countries have embarked on policies to monitor and control emissions of gases that contribute to air pollution. An example of such a policy is the Kyoto Protocol committed to reduced carbon emissions among signatories(Ferrell, et al., 2012). Corporations have also undertaken to adopt Sustainability Management Systems; these not only monitor air pollution but the use of water and other resources as well (United Nations Global Compact, 2014). In a bid to control waste management, a recycling and reuse campaign had been undertaken by many environmentally concerned corporations(Ferrell, et al., 2012). Alternative energy is another important strategy to ensuring environmental sustainability by reducing emissions thus reducing the environmental threat (Ferrell, et al., 2012). The sources of alternative energy include solar power, wind power, geothermal power amon g others(Ferrell, et al., 2012). NBBs Environmental Sustainability Policies NBB has made a niche for itself as an environmentally conscious corporation. It has concerned itself greatly with the impact it has on the environment on issues such as water use and waste management, air pollution and energy conservation(Ferrell, et al., 2015). It is always on the lookout for ways to maximise its raw materials, decrease energy use and reduce waste(Andreas, et al., 2011). In 1999, with employee support, NBB became the first wind-powered brewery in the country(Huffman Klein, 2013). This move allowed it to purchase an equivalent of 100 percent of its electricity from wind power (Andreas, et al., 2011). In 2002, NBB invested in an on-site water treatment plant to produce energy and clean production wastewater. (Andreas, et al., 2011). Methane, which is a by-product of the process, is used to run the brewery equipment(Pride, et al., 2009). Skylights and sun tubes have also been installed to reduce the need for electricity use during the day (Andreas, et al., 2011). A so lar array was also implemented in 2009 in an effort to reduce electricity use (Andreas, et al., 2011). NBB promotes cycling as an alternative mode of transportation and strives to reduce waste through recycling, incentive reuse strategies and responsible purchasing (Andreas, et al., 2011). In order to address the underlying environmental issues mentioned above, NBB has employed various strategies in its business model. Firstly, in order to monitor energy use and carbon emission, the company conducts energy audits. The first energy audit was in 1998 which revealed electricity as the largest carbon emitter thus leading to the adoption of wind power(Andreas, et al., 2011). Secondly, the company also partners with organisations that strive to meet the same objectives. In 2002, it partnered with Green Building Council to incorporate new green building technologies in its facilities(Andreas, et al., 2011). Thirdly, the company also conducts Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to research how its environmental footprint would fare under different proposed scenarios(Andreas, et al., 2011). Additionally, between 2006 and 2007, the company developed a Sustainability Management System to estimate its carbon footprint(Andreas, et al., 2011). The system focuses on carbon footprint reduction, water conservation and strategic planning(Andreas, et al., 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility In a broad sense, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a type of management characterised by the openness and ethics of a company with respect to all its stakeholders as well as the formulation of goals that correspond with sustainability and an aim to reduce societal problems (Sousa, et al., 2010). Simply put, CSR concerns itself with the relationship between the entity and the community in which it operates (Crowther Aras, 2010). It is a commitment to uplift a communitys welfare through the appropriate and elective business methods as well as philanthropic activities (Kotler Lee, 2011). In order to fulfil these commitments, a company undertakes various social initiatives which can be classified as cause-promotion activities, cause-related marketing activities, socially responsible business practices among others (Kotler Lee, 2011). The Impact of CSR on Competitive Advantage Over the years, the debate around CSR has gained great momentum from a simple affirmation of duties to the examination of a possible connection between CSR and a companys performance (Calabrese, et al., 2013). It is expected that in the near future, only corporations that commit to sustainability will gain competitive advantage (Nidumolu, et al., 2009). This is because CSR encourages innovation and differentiation both of which are contributing elements for competitive advantage (Calabrese, et al., 2013). Many large corporations are engaging in CSR activities, a fact that serves to prove that it is more than a mere cost-reduction, restriction or compliance strategy but rather a contribution to competitive advantage (El-Garahiy, et al., 2014). However, it is important to note that there is no clear indication that CSR is a useful tool to gaining competitive advantage (Calabrese, et al., 2013). As a competitive advantage tool, CSR can be used to differentiate a firms products from those of its competitors (Idowu Filho, 2008). Innovation has led to great strides in social responsibility for example; organic foods, recycled furniture, energy-efficient lighting and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) buildings among others (Idowu Filho, 2008). Companies such as Interface carpets, Ben Jerrys, Whole Foods among others are relying on CSR as a competitive advantage(Idowu Filho, 2008). In the case of Interface Carpets, after more than two decades of economic growth, the company decided to overhaul its business ecosystem in 1994 so as to alter its environmental damage(Rangan, et al., 2012). Since the transformation, the companies sales increased by 65 percent, while its profits more than doubled to 200 percent(Rangan, et al., 2012). With regard to the environment, Interface reduced its gas emissions and water usage by 92 percent and 75 percent respectively(Ranga n, et al., 2012). CSR affirms that competitive advantage can only be achieved by economically efficient, socially responsible and environmentally aware corporations ((Idowu Filho, 2008). NBBs CSR Policy and Competitive Advantage According to Ferrell et al. (2016), NBBs strides in sustainability, both socially and environmentally, have borne fruit by earning them a loyal following that has led to increased interest in their operations. The company has also received various awards including the Business Ethics Award from Business Ethics Magazine, Best mid-sized Brewmaster, among others(Ferrell, et al., 2015). However, when asked about the effect of the companys sustainability initiatives on its sales and customer base, Jenn Vervier, the Director of Strategy Sustainability at NBB, stated that initiatives seemed to have a very shallow effect on the product sales as a vast majority of consumers were more interested in the product than the other activities the company was involved in (Withall, 2014). From this, we can deduce that NBBs social responsibility does not provide a key competitive advantage for the company in the alcohol industry. However, its initiatives have led to global recognition and appreciation creating a very loyal following for the company. Social Responsibility and the Alcohol Industry The role and application of CSR in the Alcohol Industry is a debate that is growing rapidly (Banco, 2011). This is because the industrys product and its direct impact on society create a unique and complex approach to social responsibility (Banco, 2011). Critics believe that CSR campaigns by alcohol producing companies as an advertisement strategy to propagate a positive image of the products without addressing the harms of alcohol consumption(Vimont, 2013). With the increase in campaigns on the awareness of the harmful effects of alcohol products, many corporations in the industry are in competition to adopt CSR strategies to build their image (Yoon Lam, 2013). In order to promote their CSR strategies, alcohol producing companies have adopted various social initiatives such as personal responsibility, voluntarism and corporate philanthropy. Some of these companies include Pernod Ricard, SABMiller and Anheuser-Busch. With regard to personal responsibility, companies in this industry tend to propagate the narrative that the harmful consequences of alcohol consumption are as a result of irresponsibility among individuals as stated in Pernod Ricards CSR document (Yoon Lam, 2013). Anheuser-Busch, in 2010, launched Global Be(e)r Responsible Day where its employees are encouraged to engage retailers and consumers in discussions on responsible drinking; this is in line with voluntarism (Yoon Lam, 2013). Finally, on corporate philanthropy, in 2012 SABMiller is said to have pledged $34 Million to Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia in a bid to create sustainable economic opportunities for small business owners in these countries (Yoon Lam, 2013). However, it is believed that these initiatives are aimed at economic and public relations agendas and not necessarily social welfare. NBB as a Socially Responsible Alcohol Producing Corporation Some society members find it hard to believe that an alcohol producing company can be socially responsible(Ferrell, et al., 2015). As the discussion above shows, the industry is not short on critics of its social responsibility endeavours. When compared with the companies aforementioned, the social initiatives previously identified are evident in NBBs case. With regard to personal responsibility, the company embodies the notion that drinking responsibly is an individual choice (Ferrell, et al., 2015). Additionally, on the voluntarism initiative, NBBs employees are in a partnership with Habitat for Humanity to build homes for those who lose them to fires (Ferrell, et al., 2016). Employees are also encouraged to participate in volunteer work through reimbursements with paid time off (Ferrell, et al., 2015). Finally, NBB has invested a lot of time and resources into their philanthropic activities. It has set up a Philanthropic Committee that makes funding decisions guided by the diverse , creative and innovative qualities of an organisation's mission and objectives(Ferrell, et al., 2015). NBBs actions indicate a socially responsible corporation to the extent that it is focused on sustaining the environment and encouraging like-minded individuals to do the same and join in their cause. However, the company falls short in that it does not seem to have any initiatives towards dealing with responsible alcohol consumption and the harms that come with irresponsible drinking. As a company in the industry, its CSR mandate is slightly more complicated and demanding than of any other company and as such, it should make an effort to engage in these issues(Banco, 2011). Conclusions As a company, NBB has taken a strong stance on sustainability over the years. This is evidenced by its investments in innovation to ensure energy efficiency and minimise its environmental footprint. Its strategic approach through Sustainability Management Systems, Energy Audits, alternative transportation and packaging solutions among other initiatives has earned it worldwide acclaim as an environmentally conscious corporation. It is evident that this strong stance is as a result of the founders passion for the cause which was passed on to the company and engraved in its values and objectives. There are numerous arguments proposing and opposing the link between corporate social responsibility and competitive advantage. Some companies such as Interface Carpets have been identified to be using CSR are a competitive advantage tool. However, although NBB has mastered quite the following as a result of these initiatives, its Director of Strategy and Sustainability, Jenn Vervier, has confirmed that the impact of its social initiatives has been very minimal to actual consumers of their products. As such the report concludes that NBBs focus on social responsibility does not provide a key competitive advantage for the organisation. Finally, with regard to NBBs social initiatives being an indicator of a socially responsible corporation as an alcohol producing company, the study has revealed that sustainability has been a component of NBBs DNA since its inception(Ferrell, et al., 2015). It was a personal interest of the companys founders which has since manifested into its defining feature. However, despite its vast achievements in environmental sustainability, NBB falls short in that it does not have sufficient initiatives to deal with responsible alcohol consumption and the harms that come with irresponsible drinking such as drunk driving, domestic abuse, vandalism among others(Banco, 2011). The company, therefore, needs to expand its reach under its corporate social responsibility policy to address issues directly related to its corporate activities. Works Cited Andreas, F., Cooperman, E. S. Gifford, B., 2011. A Simple Path to Sustainability: Green Business Strategies for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses. s.l.:ABC-CLIO. B Corporations, n.d.. New Belgium Inc.. [Online] Available at: https://www.bcorporation.net/community/new-belgium-brewing-co-inc [Accessed 15 September 2016]. Banco, J., 2011. Responsibilities of the Alcohol Industry. [Online] Available at: https://inspiredeconomist.com/2011/04/13/responsibilities-of-the-alcohol-industry/ [Accessed 15 September 2016]. Calabrese, A., Costa, R., Tamara Menichini, F. R. Sanfelice, G., 2013. Turning Corporate Social Responsibility-driven Opportunities in Competitive Advantages: a Two-dimensional Model. Knowledge and Process Management, 20(1), pp. 50-58. Calub, M. E., 2015. Proactive Environmental Strategies: Managing a Corporate Culture Shift toward Sustainability. USF Scholarship Repository Masters' Projects, Fall(269). Craft Beer, 2015. New Belgium Brewing Honoured as 'Best For the Environment'. [Online] Available at: https://www.craftbeer.com/news/brewery-news/new-belgium-brewing-honored-as-best-for-the-environment [Accessed 15 September 2016]. Crane, A. Matten, D., 2016. Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crowther, D. Aras, G., 2010. Corporate Social Responsibility: Part I. s.l.:Bookboon. Devinney, T. M., Schwalbach, J. Williams, C. A., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance: Comparative Perspectives. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 21(5), pp. 413-419. El-Garahiy, W. H., Mobarak, A.-K. M. Albahussain, S. A., 2014. Measuring the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices on Competitive Advantage: A Mediation Role of Reputation and Customer Satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(5), pp. 109-124. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J. Ferell, L., 2015. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. 10th ed. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O., Fraendrich, J. Ferrell, L., 2012. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. 9th ed. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O., Fraendrich, J. Ferrell, L., 2016. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. 11th ed. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Haynes, K., Dillard, J. F. Murray, A., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility: A Research Handbook. s.l.:Routledge. Huffman, A. H. Klein, S. R., 2013. Green Organisations: Driving Change with I-O Psychology. s.l.:Routledge. Idowu, S. O. Filho, W. L., 2008. Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media. Kotler, P. Lee, N., 2011. Corporate Social Responsibility: Doing the Most Good for Your Cause. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. McElhaney, K., 2010. Clariden Global Insights. [Online] Available at: https://claridenglobal.com/programs/CGArticle_CSRLeadership.pdf [Accessed 15 September 2016]. Morelli, J., 2011. Environmental Sustainability: A Definition for Environmental Professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 1(1), pp. 1-9. Nidumolu, R., Prahalad, C. K. Rangaswami, M. R., 2009. Why Sustainability is Now the Key Driver of Innovation. Harvard Business Review, 87(9), pp. 25-34. Pride, W., Hughes, R. Kapoor, J., 2009. Business. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Prindle, W. R., 2010. From Shop Floor to Top Floor: Best Business Practices in Energy Efficiency, Arlington: PEW Center on Global Climate Change. Rangan, K., Chase, L. Karim, S., 2012. Why Every Company Needs a CSR Strategy and How to Build It. s.l.:Harvard Business School. Sousa, J. M. d., Outtes, L. S., Gomes, C. P. Farache, F., 2010. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility Management for Competitive Advantage. Brazil Administrative Review, 7(3), pp. 294-309. Trevino, L. K. Nelson, K. A., 2010. Managing Business Ethics. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. United Nations Global Compact, 2014. 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The Tanzimat Period

Introduction The Tanzimat was basically a period during which the Ottoman Empire was reorganized and reformed starting from the early eighties. The main idea was to bring about development in the empire through tax revenue collection for military support in order to ensure complete control of its territory and prevent colonization by the powerful nations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tanzimat Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reformations made became the major root of Ottomanism among the majority ethnic groups in the empire which led to formation of nationalists movements. One main attempt of the reformations was to bring together non-Muslims and non-Turks and incorporate them into the Ottoman social believes and norms. They were to get liberty to allow them to exercise equal right to the Turks (Goodwin 1). Changes on the Ottoman Empire during Tanzimat The transformations that were brought durin g the Tanzimat era resulted to certain changes in the territory some of which were positive while others affected the Turks negatively. The most affected fields by these changes were national economy as well as the cultural backgrounds. For instance, the taxation system changed from use of goods to cash based taxation especially with the increased Jewish migrations during that period, who contributed to the empire’s economic growth. As the economy continued to grow many people from upcountry moved to the urban areas from where they could access employment opportunities much easily. Other significant changes occurred in the reformation and restructuring of many structures in the state. The traditional administration was abolished and a new modern one established that would deliver more effectively to the people. Some changes also occurred in the social way of life with many people getting aware of education and sending them to the Islam schools that were available during that time. Traditional systems in education were replaced with western schools which produced quality graduates and the madrasa system, as well, was reformed to a modern one. The court system was changed to consist of panel judges although Islam courts were still in place to promote centralized administration. However, these modernization attempts led to the weakening of the empire before the western powers who gained power over the territory. Some western countries such as Europe gained power to control the empire as they had certain privileges in economy and diplomacy since they claimed to be protecting the Ottoman communities.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people were influenced by the western powers to convert from Islam to Christianity especially Catholicism which was the major religious group. As other religious groups grew, competition on religion increased and as a result non- Muslims were forbidden from joining Islam (Berald 1). European impact on the Ottoman Empire Exchange of culture has been, over the years, a very common doing between many nations worldwide. As the Ottoman Empire was getting more and more dominated by western nations, Europe used the chance to market itself in the territory as a way of assisting them. During and after World War I and II, many powerful nations had plans to get Europe out of the dominance position it acquired in many less powerful nations especially in Asia and Africa. As a result, Europe’s powers on economy and military decreased drastically within those nations. However, its civilization and technological knowhow have remained deep rooted in many countries. Scientific technologies were introduced in the Ottoman communities and just like many other nations, the territory become under the influence of Europe. The Ottoman’s communities benefitted as they advanced their body health as well as gaining knowle dge on general issues and intellectual capabilities. Structures in the Ottoman’s community were improved leading to a better planned city and a consequential societal livelihood. Classical music was also developed with much influence from the European nations. Cultural traditions were abolished and new forms of social ways of living were adopted. European traders were eager to start trading in many regions including the Ottoman society which benefited by getting availability of goods that are not locally produced. However, boundaries by the Europeans did not put into consideration the differences that occur between different ethnic groups and this affected the Ottoman communities’ ways of living since each ethnic group has its own norms and way of live. These boundaries caused displacement of many large volumes of populations as well as splitting of families and loss of land for cultivation and grazing for those who were still practicing agriculture (Acer 1). How Russi a acquired dominance in the Ottoman Empire Despite the formation of an alliance between Ottoman and Germany to prevent Russia’s dominance over the Empire, Russia still managed to dominate over the Ottoman Empire. Russia got the chance to dominate Ottoman from World War I when the empire harbored Germany ships which were used to attack the Russians.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tanzimat Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the first periods of the war, the Ottoman communities had gained some victory in several occasions but as the war progressed, some difficulties were faced. Later during the war, Ottoman’s government prohibited the deportation of Armenians. However, despite this prohibition, the Armenians were forcefully brought to the Ottoman communities. In 1916, the Ottomans power on the war reduced drastically and resulted to assignment of its territories to the Russian empire. Bei ng the first neighbor to the Ottoman community, Russia had the advantage of dominating over Turkey which was crumbling at the time. This gave Russia more access to the Empire than the other European powers and this is partly why Russia gained dominance. Besides being the nearest to the Ottoman community, Russia used other strategies to gain dominance. For instance, it claimed the right to protect the Orthodox Christians since it was the leading powers over the church group. This provided the Russians with greater opportunities to engage indirectly in affairs involving Turkey. Geographical features connecting Russia and Turkey also gave easy access to the region making it easy for the Russians to exercise power in the Turkish territories. Communication ships and other modes were used by the Russian military to get better access to the Ottomans communities. Russia had an added advantage in an agreement which blocked the use of these channels by all European nations except for Russia i n case of a crisis (Simon 1). Conclusion The Tanzimat period had very useful changes especially in the education forum which is still and more beneficial today. Other developments such as in revenue generation and service delivery by the state have been of great help in bringing equal civilization and modernization in all the communities. It was therefore a great move by the Ottoman society to realize that it had lagged behind and to accept help and modernization from the western nations. The social life of the Ottomans society as a whole changed to the better with the introduction of modern schools since quality education is the key to a better life. Works Cited Acer, Zabit. â€Å"Ottoman Modernization and Effects of the Tanziman Edict on Today†. 2009. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Berald, Gerry. â€Å"The Age of Western Imperialism†. 2002. Web. Goodwin, Kevin. â€Å" The Tanziman and the Problem of Political Authority in the Ottoman Empire: 1839 – 1876†. 2006. Web. Simon, Viviane. â€Å"Europe and nations, 1815-1914†. 2005. Web. This essay on The Tanzimat Period was written and submitted by user Jadyn R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pakinsons essays

Pakinsons essays Parkinsons disease usually affects people of late middle age. Most run between the age of 50-60. The symptoms of Parkinsons disease are usually subtle and occur gradually. Some examples of symptoms a person may have, are feeling shaky or having trouble getting up from a chair or a couch. Others may notice that their speaking is softer or quieter. They will lose track of a thought or feel irritable or even depressed for no reason. These are early symptoms that may last a long time before the more classic and obvious symptoms appear. For now there is no way to cure or prevent Parkinsons disease from happening., but there has been new research looking at (PET) Position Emission Topography. This will allow scientists to scan the brain, which see chemical change that occurs in the brain. Using PET scientists can study the brains nerve cells that are affected by disease. IF you are in the major stages of Parkinsons disease the major symptoms are tremors, problems walking, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Rigidity is an increase of stiffness in the muscles. If it is eased by medications, rigidity is always present. Its also responsible for a mask like expression. In some patients it leads to sensations of pain in the arms and shoulders. Secondly, victims with experience bradykinesia, which means slowness of movement. It causes the brains to react slower in its transmission of instructions to parts of the body therefore causing the body to act slowly in carrying them out. Poor balance is often true when victims move abruptly. Some patients experience falls due to poor balance. Last are tremors, they will affect three out of four patients. Tremors may affect only one part or side of the body. For the most part they dont disable people and it disappears during sleep. Some minor symptoms are depression, emotional changes, memory loss, difficulty swallowing, and chewing. At this point there is no cure for Park...

8 Best Jobs in Retail (And How to Get Them)

8 Best Jobs in Retail (And How to Get Them) Working in retail may not be the glamorous job of your dreams, especially when you have to muster a smile for the 15th customer asking a ridiculous question on your 10-hour shift. But it’s a solid career option, short- or long-term, with a skill set that makes you hireable in many different fields, and lots of opportunities. Along with food service, retail is the biggest pool of jobs in the United States right now. We live in a society that needs stuff, on demand, and that means we also need an army of helpful, knowledgeable people to steer us toward that stuff. If you’re in the market for a retail job (or your next one), there are lots of great opportunities for you. Where Are the Jobs?Everywhere- literally everywhere. From the mom-and-pop store down the street to the big box store that magically has what you want when you want it, stores need staff. Sure, metro centers like New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles will have more job openings, but you don’t need to wo rry about relocating for your career. You can find retail jobs near you.What Are the Best Jobs?Retail can be a hard industry: long hours, demanding shifts, the *ahem* joys of dealing with the public. Where you work can make all the difference between feeling good about your job and wishing you’d gone into animal dentistry instead. Let’s look at some of the best companies out there right now in retail, which offer strong benefits packages and focus on employee well-being as well as paying the bills.CostcoYou probably know you can get an industrial-sized vat of ketchup at Costco, but did you also know it’s consistently rated one of the best places to work? With a median salary of$13.14 according to Investopedia, it’s one of the highest-paying retail employers out there right now. The company also offers a lot of employee-friendly benefits like health insurance, vision insurance, dental insurance, a 401(k) program, and dependent care coverage. Plus an employ ee discount on that ketchup.NordstromWith more than 300 stores in the U.S. and Canada, Nordstrom is one of the biggest upscale retail chains in the country. As a cornerstone in malls around the country, Nordstrom is known for offering a median salary of $14.96 per hour, the highest hourly retail associate pay as of 2016. It also gets high marks among employees for offering benefits to part-time employees as well as full-timers.TargetAs the nation’s second-biggest retailer (after WalMart), department store Target (look for the big red bullseye) is one of the most employee-friendly retail workplaces. The median salary is $9.25 for sales associates, with significant bumps for managers and warehouse workers (who have a median salary of $19.40). The company also offers a number of supplemental benefits which include health insurance, vision insurance, dental insurance, healthy living initiatives, and less common benefits like tuition reimbursements, savings and investment plans, f lexible spending accounts, parental leave, and childcare assistance.CarMaxGone are the days when the phrase â€Å"used car salesman† called to mind a shady guy in a bad suit and a â€Å"trust me† smile. These days, consumers value data and clear information about the investment they’re making in a car. CarMax has parlayed its customer service on that front into becoming the largest used car dealership in the U.S., and one of Fortune’s top 100 companies to work for. CarMax is big on employee appreciation, with $1,000 bonuses and a pizza party for employees who go â€Å"above and beyond.† Top sellers are sorted into â€Å"clubs,† and are rewarded with trips, dinners, and other compensation for their hard work.Lowe’sIf DIY is your passion, then Lowe’s can be a great destination for you. Its salary and benefits are tops in the big box home improvement store game, with a median salary of $12.95 and a strong offering of employee bene fits like health insurance, dental insurance, vision insurance, disability insurance, and retirement benefits.Trader Joe’sWorking in retail doesn’t always mean being a retail associate- creative skills are in demand as well. At grocery chain Trader Joe’s, artists who create the store’s trademark in-store artwork, cartoons, and brightly colored displays make a median salary of $13.64. The company also offers employees health insurance, vision insurance, dental insurance, and a retirement plan. Must-haves: strong art background and a sense of whimsy about organic yogurt.Gap/Old Navy/Banana RepublicGood luck finding a mall or shopping center without one of these stores holding down a corner. With more than 3,300 stores worldwide, The Gap (along with its sister stores/brands Old Navy and Banana Republic) is a retail powerhouse, offering a median salary of $11.86. The stores also offer employees health insurance, dental insurance, daycare assistance, and commu ter benefits.ZapposIf you’re a shoe enthusiast, Zappos probably needs no introduction. If you’re not, Zappos is one of the largest online shoe retailers, owned by Amazon. Ranked #38 on Fortune’s best retail companies list, Zappos emphasizes the â€Å"life† part of â€Å"work-life balance† for its team members. The services they offer to employees include laundry service, car washes, educational and leadership seminars, parental leave and adoption reimbursement, and- one of the most unusual perks of all- expense reimbursement for pet adoption, as well as pet sitters/walkers. (And now my dog wonders why I don’t have a job somewhere that prioritizes her needs better.)How Do I Get These Jobs?The good news is that these companies are all broadly located, with locations all around the country. Assuming the geographic hurdles are low, what do you need to snag one of these opportunities?Build your resume.The starting square for any job hunt, retail or not, is getting your application package together. You’ll need to dust off your old resume, for starters, or (even better) rebuild a bigger, better one from scratch.Be creative.The mall is going to be full of job applicants, but what about that shopping center down the street? Consider applying to stores and jobs in less high-traffic areas.Consider seasonal employment.If you find that there are more applicants than openings at your target store, keep trying. If they hire seasonal help, apply for it. You’ll have a foot in the door, and can show off your stellar retail skills over the holiday rush season.Do your research.What is the company’s status right now? How are its stocks doing? If a company is in its death throes (and just announced a round of store closings), now is likely not the time to apply. But if things look healthy from your research (online searches, nothing too extensive or wonky), then you’re more likely to get a better reception.Put i n face time.Applying online is a great and convenient tool. For retail, though, it’s not necessarily a replacement for showing up, putting in an application, and showing the hiring manager that you have the right stuff. While it’s not a full-on interview, take the opportunity to go down to the store, wearing an interview-ish spiffy outfit, and present your resume in person to the manager. It’s a nice first impression, and can make you more memorable as they sort through your application with others’.Check often for new job postings.Set daily reminders (or even a few times a day) to search for new job listings on the store’s site. Retail is a high-turnover field, and you can never predict exactly when there will likely be more job openings. Keeping an eye on the listings will let you jump on opportunities as they come up, instead of getting there a few days later, after the job has already been filled by Not You.Don’t be afraid of job hopping .â€Å"Job hopping,† or moving from one job to another after a short period of time, used to be frowned upon. These days, it’s become more of an accepted cost of moving up and building skills. If you’re in one job and another opens up that could broaden your experience or give you a bump in pay/compensation, don’t be afraid to go for it.Whether you’re a vet of the retail job scene looking to trade up, or looking for your first retail job, we’ve hopefully laid out a ton of options for you to consider and a path for you to follow. Good luck!

Judgment Heuristic and Biases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judgment Heuristic and Biases - Essay Example These heuristics are very useful but at times can leads to severe and systematic errors. ( Harding,707 and Tversky, Kahneman,1124) In case of representative heuristics (Tversky and Kahneman, 1126), the likelihood of an event is judged based upon the extent to which it represents the essential features of the parent population or the generating process. Representative heuristic is generally used by people to make judgment or impression about someone or something. (Koning, 1) The relative frequency of an event often depends on the availability or accessability of the object or the event under perception memory or construction of imagination. This is availability heuristics. (Garns, 1) A bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science and social psychology including very basic statistical, social attribution, and memory errors that are common to all human beings. Biases drastically skew the reliability of anecdotal and legal evidence. (Doughert and Franco-Watkins, 23) For example, the apparent distance of an object is determined in part by its clarity. The more sharply the object is seen, the closer it appears to be.

Action to Transform Health Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Action to Transform Health Care - Assignment Example Additionally, educational background along with lower income level of this segment of Montreal population often compels the indigenous groups to avail equal health care services. In this regard, a series of suggestive actions have been formulated that can increase the health care efficiency of the nursing institutions to protect health and wellbeing of the aboriginal members in the community. In this regard, changing and maintaining adequate compliance with the participation and accession of health care services can improve their process of protecting the wellness of the aboriginal groups. Furthermore, making continuous promotion of the health care facilities designed for the aboriginal groups along with improving the way of rehabilitation programs can also improve the current nursing trend in Montreal for the indigenous groups. In relation to the recent health care sector in Canada, a major development can be witnessed in terms of maintaining status and legitimacy in nursing of the community members. However, the health care sector of the nation is often alleged in terms of overlooking of conducting appropriate health and social care activities for the members especially the urban aboriginal groups. The aboriginal groups in the nations are subjected to face major disparities in terms of availing appropriate care, awareness and wellness programs to improve their health and wellbeing within the communities. Keeping with the changing notion in nursing practices, the primary objective of this research study is to bring a major understanding of the current nursing practice in Montreal Quebec, Canada. In this regard, the discussion of the report critically analyses discourses within the community regarding the status and legitimacy of aboriginals in the nursing sector. In addition, the discussion also tends to p rovide relevance suggestive actions that could

Music Represents the Soundtracks of Life Essay Example for Free

Music Represents the Soundtracks of Life Essay Music is an unavoidable ingredient in everyone’s life. Whether its music we play by personal choice or music we hear in supermarkets or a retail store. Society will hear music. What comes along is what will affect the listener. Through time music has changed to meet the needs of society. In the past music was one of mans only form of entertainment, in many households the radio would play all day. Music changes as our lifestyle and environment changes, music was simple and very plain in the past but society could not live without it, the music was plain because their life was plain. As music developed, music started to split into different forms, now called genres. People created different genres to match their needs and feelings. Each genre reached out to a certain type of person’s personality and affects that person’s way of life. People listen to a specific type of genre to match their mood, for example: when a person is sad or grumpy they tend to listen to slow or depressing songs to match their mood, examples of these genres are blues and instrumental jazz. Different genres can also change your mood, at a club or party people play upbeat and fast paced music to get the people dancing and socialising. Rock or metal, a developing genre, is a very popular genre because of its distinct sound. Rock mainly consists of bands with a mixture of instruments and one or more vocalist. Music is not only heard on radios, cd’s or on the TV, music is constantly around us. One cannot imagine life without music because society is so used to hearing it. In movies music is used for effect and drama, a movie without music does not only sound dull and boring, it feels dull and boring. The music makes you shiver at the climax of a horror movie, the music makes you cry during a romantic scene. Driving on long journeys while listening to your favourite artist makes the trip feel a lot shorter and more enjoyable. Nature is one of the only places where you can hear natural music. Imagine walking through the forest without hearing the sweet sounds of birds chirping or the sounds the bushes and trees make when the wind passes by. Music makes life more relaxing and often is our source of inspiration. Music moves our body in many ways, but most of all it moves our souls and helps people to look deep inside themselves. Music will continue to grow and will never die. Music is the soundtrack of life.

Comparing Sexuality in Greys Riders of the Purple Sage and Doctorows

Sexuality of the Frontierswoman in Grey's Riders of the Purple Sage and Doctorow's Welcome to Hard Times The presentation of femininity in Doctorow's Welcome to Hard Times is a strong departure from the heroine of Zane Grey's Riders of the Purple Sage. Through the metaphor of the gun as the embodiment of masculinity, both authors closely examine the complexities of the sexualized relationship of a frontierswoman to the men of her society. Doctorow mirrors the tensions present in Grey's novel though Molly acts as an extraordinarily different vision of what the West required of a woman than Jane Withersteen. Both novels reach a sexual climax as the heroine engages the men of her society in a violent action of blood and birth. Though it is a more desolate and harsh portrayal of a woman's station, Doctorow places Molly in a similar situation as the victim of her society to the more traditional Riders of the Purple Sage. While Jane Withersteen is certainly not subjected to violence in the same way that the Bad Man from Bodie raped, beat and nearly killed Molly, Jane is still victimized by her community. Doctorow's portrayal of the conflict is abstracted in ways that Grey's is not. In choosing to call Turner "The Bad Man from Bodie" for the majority of the novel, Doctorow makes him more an abstract notion of violence rather than the more human figure of jealousy Mormon Elder, Tull. However, in spite of the abstractness in Doctorow's characterization, Jane is presented as an outsider in her community and is offered up as a sacrifice to the peace, much in the same way that Blue exhorts Molly to reenter Avery's saloon. From this communal point of victimization, however, Doctorow departs from the gender conventions es... ... Pass. The falling rubble acts as the hymen restored, preserving Jane and Lassiter and Fay inside the womb, inside Eden. Thus, both novels examine the highly sexual tensions between the predominate female figures and the idea of masculinity as encapsulated by the gun, or more abstractly a weapon. Doctorow, though the tensions parallel Grey's, counters the older work on nearly every point, finally culminating in a recognition of the horror that frontier society creates. Much like the action of his novel, Grey retreats into a more idyllic vision of the West. However, he does admit the complexity of the gendered roles in the Western, though not to the extent that Doctorow casts the action in an Oedipal drama. Works Cited Doctorow, E. L. Welcome to Hard Times. New York: Penguin, 1998. Grey, Zane. Riders of the Purple Sage. New York: Penguin, 1990.

English Euphemism Essay

Euphemism, as a common linguistic phenomenon in world culture, is widely used in every social class and field. English euphemism, as one of many euphemisms existing in the world, has its own deep origin, which include both the religious origin and the historical, literary origin. This thesis will try to discuss the origin of English euphemism from every aspect of religion, race, politics, literary, and history. Language reflects life, and is always closely related to the society. During the communication, due to some certain restriction of behavior and morality, people tend to use euphemism-used as a kind of lubrication, making the harsh, indelicate words sound tactful and pleasant. English euphemism plays a very important role in people’s social communication. This paper will also expound the social communicative function of English euphemism from the three aspects: evasive function, polite function, and cosmetic function. Having a good understanding of the origin and social function of English euphemism and the English language Culture can avoid many conflicts in the process of social communication . [Key Words] origin; communicative function; evasion; cosmetic function; politeness [Abstract] euphemisms prevalent in the language of the world’s cultural phenomenon, it is widely used in all social strata and fields. Euphemism as a euphemism in one of the many, has its deep roots produced, in which packets of religion and politics, but also literature and history. This paper attempts to religion, race, politics, literature, history, in a bid to explore the emergence of English Euphemisms source. Language reflects life, and always closely linked with social, conversation in the language, due to a certain code of conduct and Ethics constraints, people often use the euphemism —- the ‘lubricant’, making harsh, non – polite euphemism becomes so pleasurable. It is in people’s social communication played an important role. This function of its taboo, courtesy functions and capabilities in three areas to cover up the English language Euphemism illustrates the social communicative functions. Euphemism by fully understanding the origins of English and its social communicative function, and further understand the English language and culture, in order to avoid social communication in the various conflicts. [Keywords:] origin;  communicative function; taboo; politeness; cover 1.Introduction Euphemism is a cultural phenomenon as well as a linguistic concept. Every language has its own euphemism, so does English. It is deeply rooted in social life and has a great influence on social communication. As an indispensable and natural pArt of English language, English euphemism has attracted people’s attention for a long time. Since Euphemism was coined, it has played a very important role in people’s communication. The communication without euphemism is unimaginable. Euphemism is used like lubrication, which makes the communication go on smoothly. This thesis will have an overview of the origin of English euphemism, and state its social communicative function. English euphemism as a linguistic concept, it has close relationships with the western culture, and it truly reflects the life and values of English people and their history. Euphemism is a particularly good medium for access to the force of language that has provided an effective approach to understanding the human mind. The study of English euphemism can help us understand the western Culture and promote the international Development because euphemism is widely used in international negotiations. So there is a great need for us to study English euphemism, including: its origin, its social function, etc. 2. The definitions of English euphemism Euphemism is a universal linguistic phenomenon. Nearly in every language, there are some disgusting words, which make people feel embarrassed. In the process of communication, the unsuitable or too direct words will make people feel uncomfortable, even angry. Then there is a great need for us to use a tactful way to express emotion, exchange ideas. That is to say, to use a pleasant, mild or indirect words or phrases take the place of tabooed words. It is known that euphemism is a form of language intentionally created in social relation to achieve ideal communication. Without them any language would seem to be vulgar and rude, void of politeness and vividness to some extent. As a common communication in the process of people using language, euphemism is an important way for people to coordinate the social relationships. Like a kind of lubrication, euphemism enables people to express what cannot be uttered directly and ensures communication to be  carried smoothly. It is a language Strategy in civilized society for avoiding taboo. It is unimaginable if the communication is without euphemism. The word ‘euphemism’ was derived from the Greek word ‘euphemismos’, which means ‘fair speech’. The prefix ‘eu’ means ‘good, sound well’ and ‘pheme’ means ‘saying’ or ‘speech’. And thus the literal meaning of ‘euphemism’ is ‘to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner’. That is to say, euphemism is used as an alternative to unpleasant expression, in order to avoid possible lose of face, either one’s own face or through going offense, that of the audience, or some of third of party. This unpleasant expression may be tabooed, fearsome, or for some other reasons that speakers can’t or intend not to use some certain expression directly on some occasion. ‘In Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language is’ the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought substituted ‘. Rawson Blunt, a British writer, defined euphemism as’ a good favorable interpretation of a bad word.†[1 ] ‘Encyclopedia Britannica (1994) also defines euphemism as’ a figure of speech in which something of an unpleasant, distressing or indelicate nature is described in less offensive terms†[2] From the above mentioned, we could clearly see that euphemism is characterized by avoidance language and evasive expression. The speakers use words or expressions as a protective shield against the anger or disapproval of natural or supernatural things. It is one form of language and a linguistic phe nomenon 3.The origins of English euphemism 3.1 The religious origin of English euphemism The earliest English euphemisms come from ‘taboo’. The word ‘taboo’ comes from Togan, a kind of Polynesian. It indicates evasive language or action. [3] The emergence of English euphemism is to meet the need of avoiding taboos. In primitive society, people can’t explain such things as ailment and some supernatural phenomena. ‘People have confusion between the name of the things and things themselves. The name is viewed as an extension of things. Just as the idiom says’ Speak of devil and he appears ‘. Naturally the words or phrases related to such things become taboos.’ [4] In the ancient times, people had blind faith in ghosts and Gods they respected. They whispered and even feared them so they did not dare to address their  names directly. They think it profane to name God. Therefore the names of gods become the earliest taboos. To speak name of gods was to evoke the divinity whose power then had to be confronted. Such dangerous practices were reserved for priests skilled in negotiating with the supernatural. So the usual way to avoid is to employ euphemisms. Therefore, for the religious need, a lot of euphemisms about religion emerged. For example, in order not to desecrate God, people in English-speaking country always use some other name for God instead of calling directly, such as ‘Adonai, the Almighty, Caesar’s Cruth, the Creater, Dod, Gad, Land, Lawks, Lawd.’ [5] The opposite side of god is devil, which is more terrible for people. When people refer to them, they tend to use such euphemisms to replace: D, the Big D, the Evil one, the Black one, the Goodman, Jesse, Old boy, Our father, Lord of lords, King of kings, the Light of the world, etc. [6] From the above mentioned, we can find that religion brings many euphemistic terms in the religious matter, especially the naming and addressing of God to the language. 3.2 The racial and national origins of English euphemism It is known to all, the phenomenon of racial discrimination is deeply rooted in America in which ‘equal opportunity’ is flattered by American white people as an equal right enjoyed by everyone. Due to the pressure of social public opinion, although some whites discriminate the black from their heart, they will not expose this kind of prejudice in public. Meanwhile, few people dare to humiliate and persecute blacks publicly for no reason at all. In other words, the way of discrimination becomes tactful. There are many euphemisms emerging for this reason. In the 1930s, ‘nigger’ is still a neutral noun in England, and has no meaning of humiliating blacks. But since this word has the obvious meaning of discriminating the blacks, most of people in England and Americans use some other euphemistic words, such as ‘colored black’ instead. When talking about some other races, it does not often use the direct words that are related to color. People often use some euphemistic expression, such as the geographic name. 3.3 Historical, literary and Political origins of English euphemism From the time the Normans conquered England in 1066, English has emerged many euphemisms. At that time, the main reason to use euphemism is that the language used by the conquered is often disparaged, and is thought as gross language. The upper  class surely doesn ‘t want to lower their status to use such words. In order to avoid using such gross words, they tend to use’ the elegant words’, which originated from Latin. And these words were mixed into English gradually. There are also many euphemisms in literary works. For example, in Hamlet, Shakespeare use the expression ‘The undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveler returns’ (there has never been a mystery travelers to come back off the country) to express his great sympathy for Hamlet . [7] The famous American writer Mark Twain use ‘release’ to express ‘die’ in his work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. Besides, politics is a fertile area for the appearance and growth of English euphemism, which is cosmetic in expression but deceptive in nature. Euphemisms of this kind are always consciously and deliberately. The cosmetic euphemism can be easily found in American English. Government’s discussion of the Vietnam War was saturated with euphemisms. Villages burned and inhabitants imprisoned were ‘Pacifications’; the war itself was not a war but a ‘conflict’, the ‘bombing’ becomes ‘logistical strike’ or ‘close air support’, and ‘killing’ becomes ‘wasting the enemy’. These euphemisms are used to deceive and to hide the dirty business of war . [8] The use of such Political euphemisms helps government to beautify the action and prevent people from taking any anti-government action. So in order to satisfy the Political needs, many euphemisms come to exist. 4.The social communicative function of English euphemism From the perspective of language communication, euphemism functions to avoid taboos, to show politeness and conceal feelings. Thanks to euphemism, it is easy for people to accept the things that are likely to make others feel embarrassed or unhappy. It is people’s general character to express their ideas as mildly and tactfully as possible. Euphemism helps people to reach this goal. From the moment euphemism came into existence, it has played a very important role in our daily communication, and help establish a good relationship between human beings and even strengthen the social stability. Euphemism are motivated by the desire not to be offensive. People use them to show their politeness, to avoid being offensive and to meet the psychological and beneficial needs of both speakers and hearers in communication. But sometimes they are used to conceal or cover something. Accordingly, euphemism serves three basic communicative functions: evasive  function, polite function and cosmetic function. 4.1 The evasive function of English euphemism The evasive function of euphemism is to evade using taboos, enabling the speaker to talk about tabooed things freely. These tabooed things are believed to be dangerous to certain individuals, or to the society as a whole, or to be disgusting and unpleasant, and cause fear. Such tabooed things include: disease, disabilities, death, sex, body excretion and body elimination process, etc. People can use euphemisms to talk about what cannot be talked directly. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download 4.1.1 In terms of disease and disabilities People yearn for health, and fear for specific disease and every sort of disability. So people always use tactful way to express them. For example, sexual or venereal disease such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, ADIS, etc. Are called ‘social disease’, ‘communicative disease’, etc. in English. Besides, disabilities are very sensitive area in every culture. In English, ‘the disabled, the handicapped, the inconvenienced, the invalid, auditory impaired, hard of hearing, talk with one’s fingers’, etc. are put into service. [9] So euphemism plays a very important function in our social communication. Without it, we sometimes cannot continue our talk. 4.1.2 In terms of death Death is an inevitable stage at the end of life’s journey. It is common Experience of human beings. Yet it has been the source of fear-fear of the loss of loved ones; fear of the end of one’s life; fear of the actual process of dying. Therefore, all these fears, worries, and unpleasant feelings combined lead to verbal taboo of death. Euphemisms concerning death are extremely rich. In English, there are more than seventy euphemisms for ‘death’, including ‘to be gone, to be gone to a better world, to be with God, to breath one’s last, to close one’s day, to depArt from the world forever, to depArt to God, to fall asleep, join the great majority, pass away, etc. [10 ] No matter why this word is used in a certain language, people always tend to use less harsh words 4.1.3 In terms of sex, body  excretion and body elimination process Words relating to sex, procreation and excretion are highly restricted to mention because they may evoke disgusting responses of people. Verbal taboo on them is probably motivated by the intuitive disaster, shame. People all have certain feelings of which they are so ashamed that they don ‘t like to admit even to themselves. In people’s daily life or in some formal occasion, if the talk or discussion refers to something about drainage, people will try to avoid using vulgar language. They tend to use some implied or neutral words to make conversation comfortable. For ordinary people, the safest way to avoid mentioning these things that they have to mention in many circumstances is to use another expression-euphemism to replace the true name of such a thing. For example, in English there are many elegant expressions for ‘going to WC’, such as: to wash one’s hand, to spend a penny, to go and see one’s aunt, to answer the call of nature, because nature calls, etc. [11] ‘The topic concerning being pregnant is touchy because it tends to arouse the association with sexual behaviors.’ To beat round bushes’ is very necessary, such as’ with child ‘,’ anticipating ‘,’ excepting ‘for’ pregnant ‘, etc. [12] Talking about sexual intercourse is taboo. Expressions relating to sex have heavily been veiled for the purpose of avoiding awkwardness and offense. So people use euphemistic words to talk about it. For example, people evade saying ‘hip’ directly which is replaced with ‘buttock’, ‘bottom’, ‘one’s thing’, and ‘secret parts’ donates sex organs of both males and females. 4.1.4 In terms of old age English and Chinese have different feelings about ‘old age’. A Chinese is proud of being old, whereas a westerner will feel irritated and even insulted at mentioning his oldness. In English culture, people do not describe others as or to be described as’ old ‘because the old, who no longer work, are ignored by society. Therefore, people create’ the second childhood golden years, senior citizen, gray hair, mature golden age ‘when they refer to’ old age ‘in which it attempts to conceal the fact of becoming old and avoid arousing old people’s sad feeling of aging. [14] 4.2 The polite function of English euphemism. Politeness is another important function that euphemisms serve in the social  life. Politeness is the symbol of human’s civilization and one of the important principles guiding people’s activities. As a kind of significant social activity, language activity must observe this principle, too. When we have to talk something unpleasant, we should choose euphemistic way to express in order not to hurt others. Being polite is a reasonable action that anyone who is keen on face-saving will take. The polite function of euphemism is tried to avoid being harsh or impolite in the communication. In other words, euphemisms are to minimize impolite expressions and maximize polite expressions. For instance, when a teacher comments on a student’s moral conducts and school work in front of the student or his or her parent, he or she should report the fact on one hand, and on the other hand should take into consideration the student’s psychological endurance and the paren t’s face. So the euphemistic way to express might be ‘The student is a bit slow for his or her age’ instead of ‘The student is stupid ‘. [15] The polite function of English euphemism is embodied in every occupational language. Occupational discrimination gives people pressure and emotional irritation. Although euphemisms cannot uproot this kind of phenomenon, at least, they can give them some psychological comfort by upgrading of career name. Therefore, ‘ engineer, manager, etc. ‘have become more and more fashionable.’ Dustman ‘is changed to’ sanitary engineer ‘;’ mechanic ‘to’ automobile engineer ‘,’ gardener ‘to’ landscape architect ‘,’ shoemaker ‘to’ shoe rebuilder ‘[16] In English, there are many adjectives about people’s appearance, such as’ good looking, handsome, pretty, charming, attractive’, etc. They are all commendatory words. When talking about someone who is not pretty, we cannot use ‘ugly’ or ‘awfully’. We had better use some euphemisms such as ‘plain, ordinary, not particularly looking’, etc. instead of them. So euphemism’s polite function can save people’s face in their process of communication. It is so important that we cannot neglect it. 4.3 The cosmetic function of English euphemism Besides the evasive and polite function, euphemism has the cosmetic function. This kind of euphemism is usually used in the government, military, politics and commerce. It refers to using good words to beautify things, which are not beautiful in reality and make the thing be more persuaded and acceptable. Because euphemism has the nature of vagueness, to some extent,  it is deceptive. Traditionally speaking, euphemism plays a positive role in social life. Using it, people can avoid some embarrassed and ungracious occasion. But just as every coin has two sides, euphemism has no exception. Using it suitably can coordinate social relationships, but abusing it will mislead the public, will cover up the essence of things. For example, in modern Western society, the poor is called as’ the needy ‘, later it was changed to’ the culturally deprived ‘, then to’ the underprivileged ‘, at last to’ the disadvantaged ‘. So it will confuse peopl e that this country is so rich that there is no poor people at all. Firstly, the government and the military often use them to disguise the reality from truth. They describe ‘Economic crisis’ as ‘recession’ or ‘depression’; ‘attack’ as ‘active defense’. [17] At the beginning of 20th century , the relationship between labor and capital become strained, and the agitation of striking became a serious social problem. In order to hide the fact, politicians call the strained labor-capital relationship as ‘industrial climate’, striking as ‘industrial action’. If the negotiation between labor and capital is successful, it will be claimed as ‘productive’, on the contrary, it is ‘counter-productive’. [18] Secondly, this kind of euphemism is widely used in commerce. It is often used to play tricks and to deceive the customers. The commercial exaggerates the product’s function and quality. In the same way, the English euphemism is also used to make customers feel pleased . For example, in order to meet the passengers’ sense of dignity, some Airlines call First Class Deluxe Class or Premium Class; Second Class First Class; and Third Class become Business Class, Economic Class, or Tourist Class. Doing like these, it seems that all passengers’ position are promoted. Their purpose is to attract more passengers and gain more profits by using euphemisms in the communication, meanwhile, the customers feel more decent, and it helps customers save face. In short, euphemism of this kind may make an idea more palatable, but they inflate language, reduce precision and often tamper with truth. Some people condemn euphemism as demoralizing because of its hypocrisy, which other consider them useful in the aspect of coordinating social relationships . However, the fact remains that euphemisms are very much a part of the language, and what’s more important for us is not to debate their merits or demerits, but rather to be able to realize that English euphemism can serve for the special social activities  under certain circumstance. 5. Conclusion English euphemism as an essential part of English language, is observed everywhere and widely used in people’s daily communication. On the issue of the origin and social communicative function of English euphemism, this thesis has a tentative exploration. But this kind of exploration is in a state of Development because euphemism is developed all the time. Euphemism roots in every aspect of social life, and is developed with the advancement of society. English euphemism is a mirror of Western Culture in the form of English language. From the moment it was born, it has distinct culture color. Euphemism undoubtedly reflects the inner relationship among the cultural tradition, social values and the form of language. In speech interaction, sometimes, out of politeness or tact, one uses a pleasant, less direct word instead of something unpleasant. Using euphemism is speaker’s active pragmatic Strategy in a certain time and a certain situation. English euphemism promotes the Development of English language, and enriches the vocabularies of English language, giving people a feeling of warm and fresh. In the 21st century, with the development of science and technology, many social problems rise, too. People crave for the gentle, warm and easy understood words. Euphemism emerges ceaselessly just right for meeting this psychological need. As a common communication medium and a rhetoric method, English euphemism will be used wider and wider. Some scholars hold the opinion that it is unreasonable to use euphemism because they have the nature of deceit, especially in politics and government. But we cannot deny the fact that euphemism is very helpful in the process of human communication. Twenty-first century is a period when people of different culture have even more touches with each other. So it is vital for us to have a good understanding of English euphemism. It is unimaginable if the diplomatic negotiation is without euphemism. Using euphemism is a kind of language skill that each of us should master. Bibliography [1] Li Qing. A Tentative Study of English Euphemism-From Pragmatic Perspective. Shandong Normal University, a master’s degree thesis in English Language and Literature. 2003 2.24 P2 [2] Wu Chang-Qi An Analysis of Diplomatic Euphemism from the Perspectives of Cooperative Principles and Politeness Principle. Chongqing University of Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Master’s degree thesis. 2004.5 P7 [3] Hanyin Yan, Liu Lei. Euphemisms from the psychological view of social communicative function [J]. Science, Shenyang Normal University (Social Science Edition). 2005.3 P146 [4] the same [1] P4 [5] Xiang-Yun Wu. Euphemism social function [J]. Zhaotong Teacher’s College. 2004.2 P30 [6] the same [5] P30 [7] Mao new cultivation. On the basis of English Euphemisms generation [J]. Yunmeng Journal. 2004.3 P3 [8] Sheng-Juan. On the cover of Euphemism function [J]. Hunan Agricultural University (Social Science Edition). 2004.12 P94 [9] HU Chun-mei. On the composition and function of Euphemism [J]. Zhejiang Education College. 2005.1P32 [10] Kong a peak, Wang Yanjun. Euphemism of the communicative functions of English and its applications [J]. Shanxi Journal of Radio and Television University. 2004.P59 [11] the same [10] P59 [12] Bi Xiuying A Study on English Euphemism. Zhengzhou University Foreign Language and Literature master’s degree thesis 2003.11 P34 [13] Fan groups A Study of Culture Connotation of English Euphemism, Hunan Normal University, a master’s degree in English Language and Literature Papers 2005.5 P43 [14] Ya-Ping Wang, Wan Xueqin. Interpretation of the communicative functions of English Euphemisms [J]. Jiangxi education. 2004.6 P37 [15] Muge force. On the very structure of English euphemism [J]. Gansu Science and Technology vertical and horizontal. 2005.2 P133 [16] Tao Qin 3. Discussion on the origin of English Euphemisms and social function [J]. A Journal of Nanjing health. 2003.1 P157 [17] Wang Ping. The Communicative Functions of English Euphemism and its tectonic approach Exploration [J]. Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University Journal of .2004.4 P62 [18] the same [10] P59

American fast food restaurant Essay

Subway is an American fast food restaurant franchise that primarily sells submarine sandwiches (subs) and salads. It is owned and operated by Doctor’s Associates, Inc. Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with 40,229 restaurants in 102 countries and territories as of 11 September 2013.[1] It is the largest single-brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally.[3][4][5] Subway’s main operations office is in Milford, Connecticut; five regional centers support Subway’s growing international operations. The regional offices for European franchises are located in Amsterdam, Netherlands; the Australia and New Zealand locations are supported from Brisbane, Australia; the Asian locations are supported from offices located in Beirut, Lebanon, and Singapore; and the Latin America support center is in Miami, Florida.[6] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Early history 2 Products 2.1 Regional variations 2.2 Nutritional content 3 Advertising 3.1 $5 footlongs 3.2 Sub Club 4 Controversies 4.1 Sandwich size 4.2 Franchise relations 4.3 UK VAT treatment 4.4 Casey’s trademark case against Subway 5 References 6 External links History Early history Subway’s original logo used from 1965 to 2002. In 1965, Fred DeLuca borrowed $1,000 from friend Peter Buck to start â€Å"Pete’s Super Submarines† in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and in the following year they formed Doctor’s Associates Inc to oversee operations of the restaurants as the franchise expanded.[7] The holding company derives its name from Fred DeLuca’s goal to earn enough from the business to pay tuition for medical school, as well as Peter Buck’s having a doctorate in physics.[8] Doctor’s Associates is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any medical organization.[9] In 1968, the sandwich shop began using the name â€Å"Subway† for the first time.[7] Subway restaurant, Pittsfield Township, Michigan The first Subway on the West Coast was opened in Fresno, California in 1978. [10] The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984.[11]In 2004, Subway began opening stores in Walmart supercenters, and surpassed the number of McDonald’s locations inside US Walmart stores in 2007.[12]

Explore how Shakespeare examines the theme of revenge in Hamlet Essay Example

Explore how Shakespeare examines the theme of revenge in Hamlet Essay Example Explore how Shakespeare examines the theme of revenge in Hamlet Paper Explore how Shakespeare examines the theme of revenge in Hamlet Paper A revenge tragedy is a drama in which the dominant motive is revenge for a real or imagined injury; it was a favourite form of English tragedy in the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras and found its highest expression in William Shakespeares: Hamlet. It was written and performed during the first part of the seventeenth century to satisfy the middle and upper classes desire for violence and horror, as many of their lives lacked spontaneity and excitement. Like many other playwrights during his time, Shakespeare borrowed ideas and plots from previous literary works for many of his own plays. The content of Hamlet is most likely to be derived from Senecas favourite materials of murder, revenge, ghosts, mutilation and carnage. Hamlet is based on the deplorable plot about a Prince of Denmark, whose uncle selfishly murders his father the King, marries the Princes mother and claims the throne as King of Denmark. The content within this play would completely shock an audience of the Elizabethan era as it was deemed wholly inexcusable to murder a King and for a person to marry their sister-in-law as they believed this was dishonourable and incestuous. In the context of when this was performed, it would have been socially unacceptable as though they are not blood related, it is the Royal family and there was therefore a huge importance placed on tradition and family honour. Shakespeare went far beyond making hesitation a personal characteristic of Hamlets, but introduced a range of significant ambiguities into the play that even the audience cannot determine with certainty. For instance, whether Hamlets mother, Gertrude, shares in Claudiuss guilt; whether Hamlet continues to love Ophelia even as he rejects her, in Act III; whether Ophelias death is suicide or accident; whether the ghost offers consistent knowledge, or seeks to deceive and tempt Hamlet; and, perhaps most importantly, whether Hamlet would be morally justified in taking revenge on his uncle. During the Elizabethan era, it was inadmissible for a person to take revenge and kill someone especially if they were a King, and was believed that this would almost certainly result in God punishing them by sending them to Hell the biggest fear to an audience living in seventeenth century England, which was extremely religious. One of the scenes that Shakespeares theme of revenge becomes truly evident is; Act 1 scene 5, in which the Ghost of Old King Hamlet reveals that he was killed by his brother Claudius, and demands revenge. Shakespeare uses very effective language during the Ghosts speech and highlights the main incentive for Hamlet to seek revenge; The serpent that did sting thy fathers life Now wears his crown. [Line 39-40] The metaphor of Claudius as a snake reflects his sly character and deceit as it can be linked to Satan in the Garden of Eden, when he deceived Adam and Eve in the Bible [Genesis]. The Ghost uses imperative sentences and so is portrayed as commanding. He also infers that he wants this to be done quickly; Haste me to knowt, that I with wings as swift The last word is associated with speed stressing that he wants a quick revenge. Old King Hamlets ghost deems Claudius behaviour as foul, strange and unnatural, referring to his murderous and incestuous nature. This would have a significant dramatic impact as a typical Jacobean audience were mostly devout Christians. In the Old Testament in the Bible, the Jews were instructed to seek revenge; an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a life [Exodus, chapt.21], but in the New Testament Jesus taught Christians to love their enemies and turn the other cheek [Luke chapt. 6]. The audience would have been compelled by this situation as an inner conflict appears in Hamlet, he is torn in two because; on one side he is angry that Gertrude, his mum, is married to Claudius so promptly and wants to avenge his fathers death. The audiences reaction would have been especially contrasting to our 21st century reaction as they would have been shocked and disgusted by what they would have probably labelled the love affair between Gertrude and Claudius. In our contemporary society, the media constantly surrounds us with such stories of love within families that our culture has become almost desensitised to such things, and so would not be shocked at all. Our reaction would have also been different because as a country we have become secular, and so I dont think we as an audience would have taken the Ghost seriously as we dont in every respect believe in spirits. Elizabethans believed that not only did Ghosts and spirits make appearances, but that they were vital as they played the role of the messenger. They therefore would have been gripped and it would be more credible for them. On the other side however; Hamlet is scared and indecisive about his dilemma to seek revenge. The Divine Right of Kings meant that the King was ordained by God and if you murdered a King, you would surely go to Hell. O all you host of heaven! O earth! What else? [Line 92] His emotion is displayed by punctuation and repetition, and his worries of seeking revenge and being punished cause the delay. Throughout this scene, we also take part in Hamlets internal confusion of how to exact his revenge. This may provide an explanation for some critics, such as Samuel Johnson, who question why Hamlet is, throughout the whole play, rather an instrument than an agent. I agree because after he has convicted the King, he makes no attempt to punish him, and Claudius death is at last affected by an incident which Hamlet has no part in producing, but seizes the moment. On the other hand we see that Hamlet does try to kill Claudius; for example when he creeps up behind him when he is praying, ready to strike. He then concludes not to as he decides that if he kills him while the King is praying or repenting, that he will undeniably burn in Hell. Shakespeare provides two different types of revenge heroes so that the audience is aware of the striking contrast between Prince Hamlet and Laertes; Hamlet continuously delays while Laertes seeks immediate revenge. They are an antithesis as theyre two entirely different personalities from two completely different backgrounds and upbringings, and Laertes is used to emphasize Hamlets flaws. Hamlet is from a very privileged family; with Christian morals at the core whereas Laertes lacks not only the Princes education and morals but also the mental equipment which Hamlet argued in his soliloquy is needed to distinguish between man and beast. He is able to behave as an uncomplicated revenge hero, because unlike Hamlet, he disregards the moral objections. Because of this, he becomes the classical stereotypical hero as he is ruled by passion and anger, whereas Hamlet is bound by his thoughts. The contrast of how Laertes deals with anger and distress very differently to Hamlet is shown in Act 5 scene 1 (Ophelias funeral). Shakespeare undermines Laertes kind of character, as he presents him as pretentious and pompous, as at both his father and sisters funerals, he seems more affected by the appearances than the fact that his loved ones are dead. When he jumps into Ophelias grave, it is over the top and unnecessary and contrasts Hamlets simple statement; I loved Ophelia. We as the audience may find his actions and language comical as does Hamlet. He mocks him and asks him; What is he whose grief Bears such an emphasis, whose phrase of sorrow Conjures the wandring stars and makes the, stand Like wonder-wounded hearers?

The Running Style in English Prose

The Running Style in English Prose The free-running style, said Aristotle in his book On Rhetoric, is the kind that has no natural stopping-places, and comes to a stop only because there is no more to say of that subject (Book Three, Chapter Nine). Its a sentence style often used by excited children: And then Uncle Richard took us to the Dairy Queen and we had ice cream and I had strawberry and the bottom of my cone fell off and there was ice cream all over the floor and Mandy laughed and then she threw up and Uncle Richard took us home and didnt say anything. And the running style was favored by the 19th-century American poet Walt Whitman: The early lilacs became part of this child,And grass, and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird,And the Third-month lambs, and the sow’s pink-faint litter, and the mare’s foal, and the cow’s calf,And the noisy brood of the barn-yard, or by the mire of the pond-side,And the fish suspending themselves so curiously below thereand the beautiful curious liquid,And the water-plants with their graceful flat headsall became part of him.(There Was a Child Went Forth, Leaves of Grass) The running style often appears in the Bible: And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.(Matthew, 7:27) And Ernest Hemingway built his career on it: In the fall the war was always there, but we did not go to it any more. It was cold in the fall in Milan and the dark came very early. Then the electric lights came on, and it was pleasant along the streets looking in the windows. There was much game hanging outside the shops, and the snow powdered in the fur of the foxes and the wind blew their tails. The deer hung stiff and heavy and empty, and small birds blew in the wind and the wind turned their feathers. It was a cold fall and the wind came down from the mountains.(In Another Country) In contrast to the periodic sentence style, with its carefully layered subordinate clauses, the running style offers a relentless succession of simple and compound structures. As Richard Lanham observes in Analyzing Prose (Continuum, 2003), the running style gives the appearance of a mind at work, making things up as it goes along, with sentences mimicking the rambling, associative syntax of conversation. In The New Oxford Guide to Writing (1988), Thomas Kane itemizes the virtues of the running style- which he calls the freight-train style: It is useful when you wish to link a series of events, ideas, impressions, feelings, or perceptions as immediately as possible, without judging their relative value or imposing a logical structure upon them. . . .The sentence style directs our senses much as a camera directs them in a film, guiding us from one perception to another, yet creating a continuous experience. The freight-train style, then, can analyze experience much like a series of segregating sentences. But it brings the parts more closely together, and when it uses multiple coordination, it achieves a high degree of fluidity. In the essay Paradox and Dream, John Steinbeck adopts the running (or freight-train) style to identify some of the conflicting elements in the American character: We fight our way in, and try to buy our way out. We are alert, curious, hopeful, and we take more drugs designed to make us unaware than any other people. We are self-reliant and at the same time completely dependent. We are aggressive, and defenseless. Americans overindulge their children; the children in turn are overly dependent on their parents. We are complacent in our possessions, in our houses, in our education; but it is hard to find a man or woman who does not want something better for the next generation. Americans are remarkably kind and hospitable and open with both guests and strangers; and yet they will make a wide circle around the man dying on the pavement. Fortunes are spent getting cats out of trees and dogs out of sewer pipes; but a girl screaming for help in the street draws only slammed doors, closed windows, and silence. Clearly such a style can be effective in short bursts. But like any sentence style that calls attention to itself, the running style can easily wear out its welcome. Thomas Kane reports on the downside of the running style: The freight-train sentence implies that the thoughts it links together with grammatical equality are equally significant. But usually ideas are not of the same order of importance; some are major; others secondary. Moreover, this type of construction cannot show very precise logical relationships of cause and effect, condition, concession, and so on. To convey more complex relationships between ideas in our sentences, we generally shift from coordination to subordinationor, to use rhetorical terms, from parataxis to hypotaxis.